Problems That Occur During Prenatal Development

Problems That Occur During Prenatal Development Theories Developmental Psychology Print Problems With Prenatal Development By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on August 18, 2019 JGI/Jamie Grill / Getty Images More in Theories Developmental Psychology Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In most cases,  prenatal development occurs normally and follows the established patterns of development with little variation. However, there are a number of things that can go wrong during this time, which are usually caused by genetics or environmental problems. Genetic Problems   As you might imagine,  genetics play a major role in development. However, in some cases, genetic problems can emerge that may impact both current and future development. Down Syndrome:  Also known as trisomy 21, Down syndrome is the most common genetic anomaly during prenatal development. Down syndrome is caused by an extra copy of the 21 chromosomes (meaning there are three chromosomes instead of the usual two) and impacts approximately 1 out of every 1,000 infants. Typical features of Down syndrome include flattened facial features, heart defects, and intellectual impairment. The risk of having a child with Down syndrome increases with maternal age.Inherited diseases:  A number of illnesses can be inherited if one or both parents carry a gene for the disease. Examples of inherited diseases include Sickle-cell anemia, Cystic fibrosis, and Tay-Sachs disease. Genetic tests can often determine if a parent is a carrier of genes for a specific disease.Sex-Chromosome Problems:  The third type of genetic problems involves sex-chromosomes. These include conditions such as Klinefelters syndrome (an extra X-chromosome) and Turner syndrome (a single X-chromoso me). How Genetics Affect a Childs Development Environmental Problems   Environmental variables can also play a major role in prenatal development. Harmful environmental elements that can effects the fetus are known as teratogens. There a number of teratogens that can harm the fetus, including: Maternal Drug Use: The use of substances by the mother can have devastating consequences to the fetus. Smoking is linked to low birth weight, which can result in a weakened immune system, poor respiration, and neurological impairment. Alcohol use can lead to fetal alcohol syndrome, which is linked to heart defects, body malformations, and mental retardation. The use of illicit psychoactive drugs such as cocaine and methamphetamine is also linked to low birth weight and neurological impairment.Maternal Disease:  There are a number of maternal diseases that can negatively impact the fetus, including herpes, rubella, and AIDS. Herpes virus is one of the most common maternal diseases and can be transmitted to the fetus, leading to deafness, brain swelling, or mental retardation. Women with herpes virus are often encouraged to deliver via cesarean to avoid transmission of the virus. The prenatal period is a time of tremendous growth and also great vulnerability. As you have seen, there are a number of dangers that can pose a potential risk to the growing fetus. Some of these dangers, such as environmental risks from teratogens and drug use, can be prevented or minimized. In other instances, genetic problems may simply be unavoidable. In either case, early prenatal care can help new mothers and children cope with potential problems with prenatal development. Stages of Prenatal Development

“Telecommunications vs. Information Services” - 2358 Words

Table of Contents Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 Background†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 Recommendations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..7 †¢ User and ISP Cooperative (Option 1)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.7 †¢ Website Accessibility Certification (Option 2)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 †¢ Top-Level Domain Classification (Option 3)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.8 Legal,†¦show more content†¦The primary piece of legislation used to regulate telecom providers is the Telecommunication Act of 1996. This paper will examine the characteristics, and point out similarities, of telecommunications providers and information services such as the internet. Additionally, regulation of telecommunications and the lack of regulation for information services will be addressed. Finally, recommendations for potential ways to regulate information services, the potential legal ramifications of such regulation, and the technical considerations regarding the recommendations will be identified. Background The Telecommunications Act of 1996 was the first major overhaul of United States telecommunications law in nearly 62 years, amending the Communications Act of 1934. This Act was a major stepping stone towards the future of telecommunications, since this was the first time that the Internet was included in broadcasting and spectrum allotment. One of the primary goals of the law (Title III specifically) was to let anyone enter any communications business â€Å"to let any communications businesses compete in any market against any other. Also, the new Telecommunications Act allowed the FCC, and Congress, to update the old - and outdated - Telecommunications Act of 1934. For purposes of regulation by the Federal Communications Commission under the U.S.Show MoreRelatedA Report On The Teletech Corporation954 Words   |  4 Pageshurdle rate for their two different segments, which are, telecommunications services and products and systems divisions. Based on the estimate of corporation’s WACC, the hurdle rate is the cost of capital. Using the data in Exhibit 1, we have calculated the WACC for the telecommunications services segment and the products and systems segment of Teletech. The WACC for Telecommunications Services is 8.47%, while it is 11.30% for Products and Services. We used the CAPM model to find the expected returnRead MoreSwot analysis810 Words   |  4 Pagespackages for all users.  · Always the first to introduce new mobile plans  · All type of telecommunication and internet technology services.  · Interruption of the line at certain areas.  · Bad customer services.  · Deals and offers are limited to certain time and area only.  ·Users tend to switch to other telco with the existing number remains with no extra cost.  · Lack of Maxis centers to enquire information or to pay bills.  · For broadband, speed is good during the first 7 days after activationRead MoreStrategic And Financial Management Style Of Comcast Communications837 Words   |  4 PagesComcast. Results of the analysis showed that Comcast tends to expand by means of acquisition, and that the company has recently shifted its focus to emphasize customer service. The limitations of this report included the inability to comprehensively forecast the direction of emerging technologies and the direction of the telecommunications industry within the next five years, and the trend of executive compensation in comparison to that of competing companies. In addition, the economic state of theRead MoreCost Vs. Capabilities Within The Network Infrastructure1731 Words   |  7 PagesCost vs. Capability Rapid technological change additionally directs that the meanings of essential and propelled administrations will change after some time. Advanced services are currently interpreted as Internet access. Later on, it is likely that cutting-edge administrations will be reclassified, maybe to incorporate access to new eras of administrations accessible through the Internet or its successors. In provincial zones, both physical remote and satellites offer more prominent limit withoutRead MoreEssay on Case 151610 Words   |  7 Pagesmore accurate, account for risk, and not destroy shareholder’s value. Currently the firm is not accurately assessing their future. Telecommunication Services is returning capital below the corporate hurdle rate and the Products amp; Systems is above the rate, but the firm is not factoring in riskiness of the segments individually. 2.) Telecommunications Service WACC = 27.1% * 3.44% +72.9% * 10.34% = 8.47% Rf = 4.62% (Exhibit 1) Average Beta = 1.04 (Exhibit 3) Weight of debt = 27.1% (ExhibitRead MoreEuropea Vs Standard-Setting Model933 Words   |  4 PagesIn terms of global communication, the US and Europe are major continents for setting the standards for wireless systems. The Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) is responsible for setting standards for all telecommunication related medium and materials. The main role of TIA’s is to create a forum for participants as well as to exchange information and also work out for the detailed specifications. It is suppose to publish as a voluntary standard when a particular proposal gains solid industryRead MoreThe Telecommunication Act Of 1996 Essay1551 Words   |  7 PagesRohan Jain Student CWID: A20378201 1. US Telecommunication Act of 1996 ââ€"  The Telecommunications Act of 1996 represented the beginning of a new era in Internet, cable TV and Telecommunications regulations in the United States. It was sanctioned by the U.S. Congress on February 1, 1996 and signed by President Bill Clinton on February 8, 1996. ââ€"  This was the first major change in the telecommunications regulations since the original 1934 Telecommunications Act since it was the first time that theRead MoreImpact of Ict on Banking and Finance1574 Words   |  7 Pages | |Growth |ICTs, in general, facilitate economic growth, having a positive impact in national GDP growth | | |Specifically, the greater the size of the ICT sector (products and services), the larger the positive impact of ICT | | |on growth. | | |Enabling of larger markets coverageRead MoreThe Three Major Factors Fueling International Technological Growth1271 Words   |  6 Pagesinternet, telecommunications, and e-commerce. The internet has the capability to generate international market expansion and future international growth for firms. It has evolved into a mechanism that can be used to capture new international market opportunities. Due to transactional and communication capabilities, the internet has become an efficient and effective conduit for global trade and international market expansion (Matthew Kleiner, 2008). Telecommunications The telecommunications industryRead MoreInformation Technology vs. Information Systems Essay examples610 Words   |  3 PagesRunning head: Information Technology vs. Information Systems Information Technology for Managers John Alexander Keys to Information Technology Abstract 1. In your own words, define the terms information technology (IT) and â€Å"information systems† (IS) and explain their components and infrastructure. Why is it important for a manager to be involved in IT and what are the critical responsibilities for the manager? 2. Case Study (discuss the case and answer questions at end of case):

Essay on The Price of Diamonds Is too High - 984 Words

The Price of Diamonds Is Too High For centuries the diamond has fascinated man for its alluring sparkle and physical hardness. Formed about three billion years ago, the diamond may very well be the oldest and most precious item any person can own. The internationally accepted notion that this commodity is one of the most treasurable commodity of them all has led to the public being prepared to pay the prices that are set by a group of companies in an agreement known as a cartel. This essay will evaluate the diamond market on a microeconomic level and discuss how the diamond cartel came about, what has allowed it to operate for decades, as well as how it determines the price of diamonds. In addition, this essay will, by aid of diagrams†¦show more content†¦In the same light, if the price varied vastly between companies, people would be able to purchase from the company that charges less, resulting in people losing their appreciation of the product. A threat to the company came about in the 1950s when diamonds were discovered in Siberia, and although these diamonds were of a somewhat inferior quality to the ones sold the company De Beers, these cheaper diamonds would lead to a decrease in the quantity of De Beers’ diamonds demanded. Therefore, De Beers bought up almost every diamond from Siberia, meaning that it owned the vast majority of the diamonds of the world. Price fixing and output restriction were the next step to ensure that diamonds do not lose their value to the world. The general law of demand states that the higher the price of a good, the lower the demand. However, the cartel introduced an incentive so that regardless of how high up they decide to push the price of diamonds, there would still be a great demand for them. They developed the marketing strategy of making diamonds synonymous with the idea of love and romance, an idea that is strongly valued by cultures across the globe. As a result, even to present day times, diamonds are considered the ultimate token of love, and any of the other gems of theShow MoreRelatedThe Price of Diamonds is Too High Essays1079 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"THE PRICE OF DIAMONDS IS TOO HIGH† For more than a century the diamond industry has flourished beyond expectations. The diamond has grown from a small yet rare gem stone to that of a rather large and powerful symbol of wealth. The industry has been controlled by one major corporation, De Beers. De beers along with the cartel it set up has built an industry that will last forever. (Spar, 2006) This paper will analyse the diamond industry, paying specific attention to the cartel, how it operates;Read MoreThe Price of Diamonds Is too High Essay1119 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The price of diamonds is too high† This essay discusses the statement â€Å"the price of diamonds is too high†; it will analyze the diamond cartel and its history in order to determine the validity of this statement. Various microeconomic theories will be discussed and explained, all of which are involved in the diamond cartel. The Oxford Dictionary defines a cartel as â€Å"an association of manufacturers or suppliers with the purpose of maintaining prices at a high level and restricting competition†Read MoreThe Price of Diamonds Is Too High Essay1215 Words   |  5 Pagesstatement â€Å"The price of diamonds is too high†. Diamonds have always been presumed to be rare. They have been present in history as a symbol of wealth and luxury as they were so difficult to find. Nowadays diamonds are mined and are found all over the world but they are sold through a cartel. (Epstein 1982) A cartel limits the supply of a product in order to keep prices high and to limit competition. (South African Pocket Oxford Dictionary: 2002) This raises the question of whether diamonds are actuallyRead MoreEssay about The Price of Diamonds Is Too High1177 Words   |  5 PagesStatement: â€Å"The price of diamonds is too high.† The diamond cartel is the most successful and long-lasting cartel in history. The cartel created a scarcity for diamond and stabilized the prices at a high level. This essay will be discussing the validity of the statement with reference to the market of the diamond industry, history of the diamond cartel, how the price of diamonds is determined, and the implications thereof. â€Å"A cartel is a group of firms acting together†¦to limit output, raise prices, and increaseRead MoreThe Price of Diamonds Is too High in the Modern Market Essay1281 Words   |  6 Pagesmore dependent on diamonds as the years go by. From finding this rare gem in the depths of the earths’ crust, to it now being used as a certain love gesture. The rarity of this beautiful gem has changed, however has the price of diamonds changed accordingly with its value (placed upon by society). This essay will effectively argue that the price of diamonds is too high in the market in the present day as a result of various economic factors. The essay will give information on diamond cartels and howRead MoreThe Price of Diamonds Is Too High The price of diamonds has been controlled, up until recently, by1700 Words   |  7 PagesThe Price of Diamonds Is Too High The price of diamonds has been controlled, up until recently, by cartels. Cartels are formed when suppliers of a particular product or service formally agree not to compete with one another. Cartel agreements usually determine the price, output and supply levels as well as where and to whom the product will be distributed to. De Beers is one of the commonly heard names with regard to diamonds. Up until recently De Beers controlled the diamond industry. It bothRead MoreThe History of the Diamond Cartel and Its Role in Determining the Price of Diamonds1174 Words   |  5 PagesDiamonds have been identified as being precious but expensive gems for many decades. Diamonds were extremely rare, only found in India and Brazil until the late nineteenth century (Vogelsang, 2005: 5). After the discovery of diamonds in South Africa, the diamond industry began to flourish. Diamonds then became very abundant and cheap to produce. In order for the value of diamonds to remain as high as they were during the phase in which they were still rare, a diamond cartel was introduced. A cartelRead MoreShould Diamonds Cost so Much? Essay1132 Words   |  5 PagesDiamonds have long been considered some of the most prized and sought after possessions. They have been perceived as indicators of wealth and romance. The diamond market however; has been one of the most controversial and controlled markets in history run by a cartel â€Å"†¦an association of suppliers with the purpose of maintaining prices at a high level and restricting competition† (Oxford English dictionary) formed to prevent the market from becoming flooded with diamonds from too many suppliers, resultingRead MoreEssay on The DeBeers Diamond Cartel1139 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscovery of diamonds, the precious gem has always remained an item of luxury and great beauty and one that requires a great deal of financial sacrifice in order to acquire. Prices of diamonds have remained relatively stable over the last 100 years while prices of other commodities have fluctuated heavily (Hauser, 2002). 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The Muse Of A Nurse In 1916 †Free Essays

It was going to be an ordinary afternoon, the 7th of July 191 6_ Ever since It was declared that war had begun on the 28th of July, the whole country had been busting and screaming at the thought of the combat. Most men were Jumping at the idea of volunteering, bragging about their strength and how it will all end by Christmas. I would have liked to have thought that, but I simply didnt have the luxury. We will write a custom essay sample on The Muse Of A Nurse In 1916 – or any similar topic only for you Order Now My father was 47; too old to be enlisted. He was married anyway, so he couldn’t. The war had been on-going for little less than 2 years. A letter came through the post this morning addressed to me, but I had neglected to read It, as I had to be at the local hospital to tend to some accidents that had occurred on the railway. By the time I got back, I was itching to read it. I had to do chores first, however, before I could even look at the letter. Ironing, feeding the chickens and pigs, pulling up the potatoes, checking Jimmy hasnt grazed his knees alling out of the tree and then cleaning out the hay in the stables. It took about three hours, which was infuriating. To top it all off, Jimmy insisted on getting yet another demonstration on how to climb the oak tree. He’s only 9, bless him, and he Just cant seem to get the hang of keeping the strength in his arms and wrists. â€Å"Jimmy, I don’t really want to do this right now†¦ † I told him, trying to pry him off my hip. He was about half my size, since he’s 9 and I’m 23. How to cite The Muse Of A Nurse In 1916 –, Papers

Health Services Plan

Question: Discuss about theHealth Services Plan. Answer: Introduction In this paper, it shows the importance and scope of the arguments related to participation, generally glimpsing the vast program of community planning. In a first approach, we consider community planning as the set of practices involving citizen participation in urban and regional planning (Thomas, 2003). The specific objective of this article is to identify the main categories of analysis and arguments concerning participation in planning to guide future studies. To this end, a literature search was performed using an information source recognized internationally, the Geographical Abstracts, Human Geography series. It should be noted that the method of analysis used here and the same article are an integral part of the first stage of development of a doctoral thesis Human Geography in community planning and participation in decision-making processes. It is a thesis in progress that aims to develop a comparative study of Latin American and European which have been made planning and e nvironmental management, with this orientation cases. In this sense, this article tries to be the precursor of successive publications that meet on the one hand, methodological and conceptual development of the thesis and, secondly, provide an overview of planning and management participated (Koplan, Liverman, Kraak, 2005). Congruently with interactive methodologies, own research topic and the approach chosen for its development, it seeks precisely stimulate possible contributions and possible systematic reflections on methodological and substantive aspects of the thesis. Discuss and Critique the two main Planning Methodologies (Population and Institutional) that can be used in Developing a Health Services Plan. The participation of citizens in planning is a subject of great interest and complexity and refers to the set of theories, methods and practices interactively feeding the community in decision-making processes. The community plays an important role about the state and the market. Furthermore, its active and direct participation in decision-making processes can interfere with the alleged technical and scientific autonomy planners, putting into discussion the role of the expert in the planning and management of territory; therefore their participation in decision making can be considered, depending on the context, as a stimulus or threaten normal practices or urban land use. The concept of "community" (1) and its modalities of expression in political life are a problematic aspect whose performances often generate confusion and surface approaches to participatory planning. The nature of the community and its forms of participation have been evolving since the early 1960s. However, old a nd new approaches coexist conflicting conceptions of society and participation that often generate mistrust and suspicion between planners and operators. Since the 1980s the community is not expressed only through associations and manifests increasingly multiple, heterogeneous, inconsistent and not necessarily local scope form. It is set in informal terms and is organized in temporary structures or rapid transformation. It is directly related to the specific problems and claims, increasingly, voluntarily excluded from traditional forms of consultation. In social situations of pluralism and multiculturalism, intercultural mediation promotes new forms of communication and dialogue between citizens and experts. The innovation of traditional forms of politics and legitimize a plan as well as new challenges for citizen participation in pluralism are created is stimulated. A Field Study of Complicated and Suggestive Beyond the statistical significance of the data analyzed, presented below the substantial meaning of each category. It should be noted that the meaning refers to the year 1998 and may vary with varying intensity in the other years, depending on the meanings used in research and the historical evolution of this field of study (Stanley Manthorpe, 2002). However, also based on previous knowledge, they differ then approaches the aforementioned investigations. It is an effort of interpretation of data and a first constructive contribution to the thematic exploration type. The contents and guidelines Theoretical and conceptual aspects The theoretical and conceptual concerning community planning and participation in decision-making processes, arguments play different aspects among which sustainable community development, resource management by communities, based on the principle of ecological equity, and practices of participation by citizens. In particular, there are studies on citizenship and courts in Germany and Britain. Two approaches to the subject, complementary to each other are distinguished. The first approach seeks new empirical approaches to study and implement decision-making process based on the principle of sustainability (Report on the inspection of a children's residential centre in the Health Service Executive Dublin north local health area, 2008). In this case, the local community is the appropriate level to address, in addition to sustainable development and the value of human resources, active learning, shared communication and cooperation between people. Wanted in these studies improve individual consciousness shifting from an individualist to one focused on the other and future generations vision. In this sense it acquires great relevance measuring reversibility project to build a new theoretical framework accordingly. The other approach is more theoretical and historical and reflects on the practices and structures of citizen participation and its origins as a form of protest by the inhabitants of a territory. The accent is placed on the role of some key players, such as owners of a particular resource or, and the benefits of participation in specific collective actions are studied (Petersen, Joseph, Feit, n.d.). The reasons that drive participation, the dynamics, the types of collective action, the status of resources and goods in question or the tenures are, for example, some basic variables that must be considered. Politics This category is quite heterogeneous but, however, it is possible to group those inquiries into two groups. The first refers to the relationships established between the macro and the micro level of government and, second, to the formulation and implementation of sect oral policies. In the first case, it is assumed that the micro experiences of grassroots communities are necessary for the design of macro policies. This argument is still underdeveloped, and micro experiences are only used to extract information. In this regard, the issue of access to information, the rigor and relevance of the same arguments are of great interest. In some studies, the emphasis on aspects related to gain power (empowerment) by the grassroots rather than merely obtaining information. In this line of research studying the relationship between human resources (e.g. Literate population, trained, trained, trained) and the ability to conduct participatory processes move (Peters, 2009). Other studies suggest the gap between the rich and the poor population in access to technologies; a serious obstacle and an element of disparity particularly felt in the contexts in which political life is mediated by computer (as in the case of Thailand trying to plan and manage the territory through com puter systems). The second group deals with problems related to the formulation and implementation of policies. In this sense, the objective of the analysis is primarily the study box coalitions. It seeks to distinguish coalitions limited to simple verbal agreements truly strategic coalitions, as well as key stakeholders and private interests that transform speeches into action strategies (as in the case of Finland). Methods This category includes studies that address the issue of participation from the methodological point of view. Ways to engage the public may be different and have more or less successful, depending on situations (Nolan, 2007). In some cases it is necessary to ensure technical competence, in other cases, are more important political considerations. The forms of participation can be selected by legislators, bureaucrats, politicians, among others, and the effectiveness of the results may also depend on the promoters of participatory processes. First, they are grouped here investigation analyzing precisely the forms of participation and make a critical reading of traditional approaches. Among the different types of involving the public, they can be distinguished, for example, direct participation without ties and direct with ties (i.e., conducting politics through non-governmental representatives). Referenda, public forums, hearings and citizen advisory committees, involve substantial differences in the development of participatory processes (National Health Service Act 1977. Relocation of private practice facilities at National Health Service hospitals. Proposals made by the Health Services Board under section 71 of the National Health Service Act 1977 (c.49), 2007). Referring to a critical reading of traditional approaches, some work discuss the effectiveness of participation, representation and access of citizens, information sharing and learning, the type of affected community and the authorities involved in the process decision. Finally, here we can group studies different nature and character point they have in common a renewed analysis and evaluation of methods of participation interest with an alternative approach (Mullins, 2007). They refer, for example, the conservation of biodiversity at the local level to large-scale projects, or research about street children. In the latter case, the street is considered as a peculiar geographical context that drives beyond simple problem solidarity, planning practices, and management. Institutions Are studies related to the alternative financing of ecological loans that include the participation of the community and, especially, peasants concerning the mechanisms of local control of loans, funds for Community loans, bonds or circles loan micro credits, all for a more sustainable development (McLaughlin, 2009). On the other hand, there are studies looking for a new way of doing business, environmental, social and emotionally sensitive geographical contexts, characterized by the presence of Indians. In these examples, there is a need to maintain open and transparent processes of decision taking at the same time, along with the business, social and environmental commitment (Loevinsohn, 2008). Fairly representative in this sense seems to be from Shell Prospecting and Development in Peru, although we doubt that a major oil company has ecological concerns. The Supra-Local and International Scales Research in this category refers to three important scales of participation: international, national and the relationship between them. In the first case it is, for example, agreements reached at the European Committee on Environmental Policy and refer to treaties and conventions that facilitate access to information, public participation in decision-making and access to justice in environmental matters. These agreements represent an appeal to the countries and the regions which seek to ensure the development of appropriate mechanisms for public participation in environmental issues and the legal and administrative aspects (Koplan, Liverman, Kraak, 2005). Always internationally, it investigates the relationship between environmental regulation, business, and national competitiveness. The main issue is to explore the possibility of accessing funds, entering the GATT (General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs) and assuming a more "green" attitude. In this sense, the responsibility of the United States and its strong influence on environmental regulations is highlighted (Kochendo?rfer-Lucius Pleskovic, 2004). Participation on this scale is seen as the establishment of a system of non-governmental and governmental organizations to facilitate communication, information sharing, and reciprocity, and legitimize the standards and regulations that the favorable behavior to sustainable development spread. It remains to be seen to what extent these organizations, strategic interests often contradictory, can help spread the ethics of sustainability (International trade and health, 2009). Another interesting topic at the high political level refers to the trap of the "hinge decision." It is the ability of some national actors, in international decision processes, manage to block or hinder unilaterally those processes. The situation that produces decisions made by the lowest common denominator and that are far from optimal. Local and Global These investigations suggest the need to rethink the development community, incorporating it in the global dimension, wondering how the locally affected community can use the dynamics of globalization to their advantage (Institutional health services research training programs, 2000). Some case studies (Australia) show that neoliberal reforms involve antagonism in the allocation of state resources and contradiction and chaos in the national environmental policy. On the one hand, it feels the need to formulate action plans and environmental monitoring and, secondly, the state is hesitant about investing resources in this regard. Governance They gather under this category some suggestive works, aimed to highlight the formation of local government structures. Logical and issues that lie beneath the possibility of governing the initiatives generated by the base communities are explored in this regard (Hann, 2007). The representation of processes, legitimacy, feasibility and benefits are important issues related to the topic. There are cases (Nigeria) which show that the reasons for low participation of community-based decision making found in structural problems related to the system of government. Values, forms and content of the consultations that the government instigates not motivate participation (Inspection of a children's residential centre in the Health Service Executive South, n.d.). In fact, the decisions of local plans are taken only at the highest levels of government. Decentralization Most studies collected in this category refer to Latin America and the Caribbean; an area comprising a large geographical area involved in a major process of democratic transition. This is research conducted by the World Bank (Depoe, Delicath, Elsenbeer, 2004). According to these sources, in both areas, it is creating a new institutional environment created mainly by local authorities and with the presence of more reformist mayors in the past. Innovations relate to improving the preparation of the professional, the ability to collect resources, improve the supply of public services and increased public participation in decision-making. It would be a silent revolution long range. The Evaluation Studies of this category are part of the decision-making process based on the principle of sustainability and in a few cases, the evaluation of environmental policies at local level. They seek, firstly, to formulate a measure that compares the development of various project alternatives and, on the other, evaluate social interventions in a community. In the first case, they propose, for example, algorithms for the evaluation of the criteria of choice of actors and investors involved in the process of quantifying the risks of a project (Davidson, 2003). It also seeks to estimate, under the principle of distributive justice, the impacts of the project in groups of the same generation (intra-temporal impact and distribution) and groups of different generations (inter-temporal impact and distribution). Its aim is to measure the feasibility and potential sustainability of projects. It is the objective of the second case evaluate social interventions in the community (for example the use o f certain drugs or alcohol products in a group) studying interests, conflicts and roles of the actors involved in the evaluation (Clark, 2002). The latter are very important aspects that also arise in the most thoughtful studies on self-assessment and favor the analysis of disputes as a way to produce community dialogue and perform the investee evaluation. However in practice, there are some limitations as are determined by the (most innovative on the one hand, and conventional, on the other) contradictory paradigms of research and conceptual diversity of approaches. Conclusion However, other studies indicate that the paradigm of public participation, indeed conflicting dynamics are generated, especially at the level of government processes and administrative decision (Ax Fagan, 2003). If, on the one hand, decentralization opens channels of popular participation at the local level, on the other, the same decentralization, designs and implements processes of social control that affect organizations that can threaten the power structures of national institutions. These critical research studies that show a more skeptical approach to the issue of decentralization (such as Poland), or a negative balance of results (as in the example of Ghana) are added. Poverty and injustice are the main aspects of human development addressed by NGOs. In this regard, access to basic services is considered essential for more sustainable practices. On the one hand, the emphasis on innovative development models launched by NGOs which have improved the participation of the people (in Bangladesh for example) or have generated the development of financial services for the community gets. On the other, it insists on the objectives related to states and communities, approaches and working methods as well as new challenges and new roles that NGOs are playing in recent years. References Ax, R. Fagan, T. (2003).Correctional mental health handbook. Thousand Oaks [Calif.]: Sage Publications. Clark, C. (2002).Health promotion in communities. New York: Springer Pub. Co. Davidson, R. (2003).Workways of governance. Washington, D.C.: Governance Institute. Depoe, S., Delicath, J., Elsenbeer, M. (2004).Communication and public participation in environmental decision making. Albany: State University of New York Press. Hann, A. (2007).Health policy and politics. Aldershot, England: Ashgate. Inspection of a children's residential centre in the Health Service Executive South. Institutional health services research training programs. (2000). [Rockville, MD] (2101 E. Jefferson St., ste. 501, Rockville 20852). International trade and health. (2009). New Delhi. Kochendo?rfer-Lucius, G. Pleskovic, B. (2004).Service provision for the poor. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Koplan, J., Liverman, C., Kraak, V. (2005).Preventing childhood obesity. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. Loevinsohn, B. (2008).Performance-based contracting for health services in developing countries. Washington, DC: World Bank. McLaughlin, H. (2009).Service-user research in health and social care. Los Angeles: SAGE. Mullins, J. (2007).Library management and marketing in a multicultural world. Munchen: Saur. National Health Service Act 1977. Relocation of private practice facilities at National Health Service hospitals. Proposals made by the Health Services Board under section 71 of the National Health Service Act 1977 (c.49). (2007). Cambridge [England]. Nolan, M. (2007).User participation in health and social care research. Maidenhead, Berkshire, England: McGraw Hill/Open University Press. Peters, D. (2009).Improving health service delivery in developing countries. Washington, DC: World Bank. Petersen, A., Joseph, J., Feit, M.New directions in child abuse and neglect research. Report on the inspection of a children's residential centre in the Health Service Executive Dublin north local health area. (2008). Dublin. Stanley, N. Manthorpe, J. (2002).Students' mental health needs. London: Jessica Kingsley Pub. Thomas, R. (2003).Health services planning. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

Problems at Perrier free essay sample

Identify the key elements of the resistance to change described in this situation. The key elements of the resistance to change described in the Perrier case are: Lack of communication and the companies inability to inform the employees of what changes affected production at Perrier, the company made excessive changes, the company introduces a series of changes and the people felt the changes were unnecessary, and they were unsure if they would still have the required skills to continue to work for the company. Perrier has made quite a fair amount of changes in a short period of time and they will need to be aware that some people may not agree to the change and might not work to their full potential. Most of Perriers employees did not think the changes were necessary for the organization to grow. There were some employees who thought Perriers conducted unnecessary changes to impact their normal workload. We will write a custom essay sample on Problems at Perrier or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The latter change was considered as the lack of conviction that change is needed. There was also the Perceived Negative Effect on Interest -this resistance to change will be affected by peoples perceptions of the likely effect of the change on their amp;quot;interests, a term that can cover a wide range of factors including their authority, status, rewards(including salary), opportunity to apply expertise, membership of friendship networks, autonomy, and security. The employees at Perrier were concerned with the implication of the change for themselves and how it may affect their own interests, rather than considering effects for the success of the business. 2. Construct a change management strategy for dealing with this situation. In so doing, identify what approach (es) to managing resistance you recommend and provide a clear justification for your choice. An article by Kotter and Schlesinger provides the classic description on managing the resistance to change(Palmer, 2009). They proposed six methods for managing change resistance for change: education and communication, participation and involvement, facilitation and support, negotiation and agreement, manipulation and cooptation and explicit and implicit coercion. The four of which that could be considered in this case are: education and ommunication, participation and involvement, negotiation and agreement, and explicit and implicit coercion. A) Education and Communication. There seems to be a lack of information or inaccurate information. Instead of discussing directly with the employees that the sales were down, the managers used a form of manipulation by placing the competitions bo ttled water in the factory cafeteria. Instead of motivating the employees to increase their production they made the situation worse. This could have been avoided if they would have communicated with their employees. One of the best ways to overcome resistance to change is to educate people about the change effort beforehand. Communication and education prior to change helps employees see the logic in the change effort. This reduces unfounded and erroneous rumors concerning the effects of change in the organization. B) Participation and Involvement. This strategy is used when resistance is a reaction to a sense of exclusion from the process. It is most effective when the people who initiates change do not have all the information they need to create a change and when others have considerable power to resist. Perrier should have used their employees to identify the problems at the plant and then listen to their solutions for change. This way the employees would not have felt alienated; it encourages open communication. Another problem consist of the disagreement between the Union and Nestle and their need to work together to solve the problem. When employees are involved in the change effort they are more likely to accept change rather than resist it. This approach is likely to lower resistance and those who merely agree to change. C )Negotiation and Agreement. This strategy is where someone or some group may lose out in a change and where that individual or group has considerable power to resist. When Perriers management put bottles of Badoit Rouge in the factory cafeteria in June, the union knew they were sending them a message. This had been done to emphasize the point to Perrier employees that they were involved in a head-to-head battle for that niche in the market. The union felt that it was a provocation. Using the Negotiation and Agreement strategy would be effective in dealing with the Union. This can be done by allowing change resistors to refuse the approved elements of change that are threatening, or change resistors can be offered incentives to leave the company(for example, early retirement). This approach is appropriate where those resisting change are in a position of power, like the CGT(the union). D) Explicit and Implicit Coercion. This is a last resort strategy used when the change recipients have little capacity to effectively resist; where survival of the organization is at risk if change does not occur quickly and where speed is essential and to be used only as last resort. Managers can, without reserve, force employees into accepting change by making clear that resisting changing can lead to losing jobs, firing, transferring or not promoting employees. Working together with CGT, Nestles can negotiate a projected percentage of increased production or they (Nestles)can continue with their plan to cut 15% of Perriers workforce.

Kelloggs Supply Chain

Kelloggs Supply Chain Introduction Supply chain management involves the creation, implementation and management of all the processes involved in delivering raw materials from suppliers to manufacturers followed by making of the final product, and delivering the finished product to retail buyers until it reaches the end customer (Bozarth 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Kellogg’s Supply Chain specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Supply chain can be said to entail the flow of raw materials (from suppliers to manufacturers to retailers and finally to the end consumer), and flow of information and cash from customers to manufacturers and back to the suppliers. Logistics is part of this supply chain, and supply chain is part of the value chain (‘The Times 100 Business Case Studies’ 2012). Effective and successful supply chain management is very important in gaining a competitive advantage. To realize the benefits of succe ssful supply chain management, the following issues should be considered: Business location: It is important to locate a business in a place that is convenient to its operations (‘The Times 100 Business Case Studies’ 2012). For instance, an electricity generation business should be located near rivers, or lakes. This is in order to reduce delivery costs. A business dealing with selling of fresh products should be located near its warehouses and stores. This helps to keep its products fresh. According to the case study on Kelloggs supply chain, Kellogg has its ingredients grown in many different countries across the world. Therefore, it is important to situate its manufacturing sites near its distribution channels and customers. This way, Kellogg’s products can reach the retailers’ shelves quickly (‘The Times 100 Business Case Studies’ 2012).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your fir st paper with 15% OFF Learn More Size and scale: A business should consider its production capacity. This means that if a business produces in large scale, then it should have a large storage facility as well as a large office space for its operations. On the contrary, if it produces in small scale, then it should have a small production and storage space. For instance, Kellogg produces its cereals and other products in bulk (‘The Times 100 Business Case Studies’ 2012). Large scale production has its benefits. One is that, it can make a business incur negligible costs of production in its operations. As a result of this, its products are likely to sell cheaply as compared to the competitors. This can be referred to as a competitive advantage. Customer location (‘The Times 100 Business Case Studies’ 2012): In order to achieve a competitive advantage, a business should consider where its target customers are situated. This way, it can arrange for cost effective means of transporting its products. For instance, for oversees customers it would be best to use air transport in order to reduce time and to maintain the quality of the products. It is also advisable to consider the cost effectiveness of the means of transport to be used with customer’s location in mind. For example, for customers near the production centre, it is advisable to use road transport because it is cheaper. Economies of scale (‘The Times 100 Business Case Studies’ 2012): A business should take advantage of this by producing in large scale, thereby transporting in bulk. This way it can reduce the trips covered to transport its products to customers. As a result, less transport costs will be incurred making the products competitive in the market since unit distribution costs are minimal.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Kellogg’s Supply Chain specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Kellogg shares transportation of its transportation with Kimberley Clark, which manufactures paper goods products. This strategy helps to reduce the number of part-full or empty transport vehicles. Consequently, time, mileage and CO2 emissions are minimized. Profits are maximized if this is done. Outsourcing of transport costs: A business can allocate transportation roles to a different company. This means that the outsourced company transports on behalf of the business. The advantage of this strategy is that it could be cheaper to outsource rather than the business doing its own transportation. Another benefit is that a business will concentrate its resources on production which improves efficiency. For instance, Kellogg partners with TDG, a logistics specialist. TDG stores and transports Kellogg’s cereals. This allows Kelloggs to concentrate on its area of specialization which is manufacturing of cereals among other food products (‘The Times 100 Business Case Studies’ 2012). Creating and improving healthy relationships with the intermediaries (Gligor Autry 2012): Intermediaries such as wholesalers and retailers deal with customers directly. Therefore, if businesses have good relationships with them, they can promote its products. A business can come up with ways of adding value to the intermediaries. A good example is Kellogg’s Shelf Ready Unit that Kellogg developed with Tesco (one of Kellogg’s retail supermarkets). This unit displays Kellogg’s and Tesco’s products and attracts customers because it is attractive and easy to select. As a result, this increases their sales and profits. Right marketing mix: In order for the business to have a competitive advantage, it should ensure that it has the right product, in the right place and at the right time. It should conduct market research in order to know the needs of the customers. It should also keep in mind customer location. In order for the prod ucts to reach the customers on time, it should have effective distribution channels. For example, Kellogg manufactures the right products based on research into consumer needs. It also manages the distribution channels in order to place its products in stores. This makes its products to be competitive.4Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Use of efficient stock inventory software: Such software enables a company to detect and respond to changes in product levels, demand and supply (Handfield 2011). In short, such software aims at achieving optimization or the highest level of production possible. Just-in-time is an example of such software. It ensures that only enough products are produced to fulfill orders and therefore limited stock is kept. Such systems ensure that stock is always available, and ordered products are delivered on time. This helps to reduce storage costs and consequently help in achieving competitive advantage. Improving inter-organizational exchange relationships: This involves effective communication of reliable and timely information between two or more players in the supply chain (Gligor Autry 2012). A business should aim at establishing ways of communicating effectively with its suppliers, wholesalers and retailers. This can reduce uncertainty as well as lower the costs of production. For exam ple, with effective communication with the supplier, a business is able to know changes in supplier capacity and make timely adjustments on the level of production so as not to affect production capacity. Competent supplier evaluation: In order to achieve competitive advantage, a business should evaluate its suppliers based on their competence. Factors such as delivery ability, flexibility of orders, quality and reliability as well as pricing can be used as a benchmark to select the best supplier (Breitenbach 2011). For instance, a vendor that has exceptional ability to deliver on time will reduce delay in production, which can affect the level of output. Additionally, a supplier that provides exceptional quality and reliability will deliver products that tie with the business requirements. This can save money and time spent on inspecting quality and quantity of the products. Effective procurement (purchase) and distribution of products: For a business to offer affordable prices to its customers, it can reduce the costs of purchasing its production materials. This can be implemented during procurement. For instance, Wal-Mart is a large retail chain which deals with various products. Some of them are food products while others are consumer electronics. It uses this strategy of reducing costs during procurement. Wal-Mart does this by buying its goods directly from the manufacturers and suppliers. As a result, it is able to bypass the intermediaries, agents and middlemen (Angrish et al. 2005). This leads to reduced procurement and distribution costs and this way Wal-Mart affords to sell its products at very competitive prices. Use of bar codes, hand held computer systems such as ‘Magic Wand’: The bar codes can be used to put labels on products, shelves and bins while the hand held computer can guide the employee to the exact location of a product. This device can record and update the packaging department on product levels. Wal-Mart also uses RFID (R adio Frequency Identification System) which is much more effective (Angrish et al. 2005). These mechanisms allow Wal-Mart to meet expectations of the clients fast and to increase the competence level of the distribution center operations. Introduction of E-commerce in supply chain management: E-commerce and e-business involves or entails commercial transactions conducted over the internet. This enables a business to buy or sell its products on the internet (Zank Vokurka 2003). When a business uses the internet to conduct its business, it reduces costs such as transport and advertising. For example, a business person selling services such as consultancy need not travel from one place to another in order to do business. This helps to reduce time and transport costs. A business selling books over the internet does not incur any advertising costs making the books cheaper. E-business can make a business very competitive since products and services incur fewer costs compared to competito rs who do not use the internet. Conclusion Supply chain management involves creation, management and implementation of processes involved in the supply chain. Some of the processes include packaging, procurement, transportation and distribution. In order for a business to achieve a competitive advantage, it should consider some factors that can help it to improve the processes in its supply chain. Such factors are business location, size and scale of operations, customer location, economies of scale, outsourcing of transport costs, creation and improvement of healthy relationships with the intermediaries among others. A business should aim at improving these factors in order to reduce its production and distribution costs. When the costs of production are high, the prices of end products will also be high. On the other hand, the lower the costs of production, the lower the prices of end products. A business with high production costs will increase the cost of its final products maki ng them less competitive than a business with low production costs. Consequently, when the end products are affordable, sales and profits will rise and vice versa. References Angrish, S, Chivukula, S, Devvitt, V, Patel, B, Shamsi, R, Yellapragada, S, Ramachandra 2005, ‘Wal-Mart Case Study’, RFID and Supply Chain Management. Bozarth, C 2011, ‘A Quick Premier on BPM’, Business Process Management. Breitenbach, Z 2011, ‘What Should the Professional Supply Chain Manager Know about Six Sigma’, Supply Chain Management. Gligor, D Autry, C 2012, ‘The role of personal relationships in facilitating supply chain communications’, A Qualitative study, vol. 48 no. 1, pp. 24-43. Handfield, R 2011, ‘The Supply Chain IT Investment Enigma’, Companies are Rethinking IT Investments. ‘The Times 100 Business Case Studies’ 2012, Kellogg’s Case Study: Supply chain manufacturing to shelf. Zank, G Vokurka, R 2003, ‘T he Internet’, Motivations, deterrents, and impact on supply chain relationships.